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Inflammation & Healing Process
Cardiovascular Drugs Summary
Bacterial Identification Chart
Inflammation & Healing Process
Pathology
Acute inflammation is characterized by:
1. Vasodilation and increased permeability
2. Cellular infiltration (neutrophils first)
3. Cardinal signs: Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Healing process involves:
- Hemostasis and clot formation
- Inflammatory phase...
Cardiovascular Drugs Summary
Pharmacology
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS:
ACE Inhibitors (-pril):
- Mechanism: Block ACE enzyme
- Examples: Enalapril, Lisinopril
- SE: Dry cough, hyperkalemia
ARBs (-sartan):
- Mechanism: Block AT1 receptors...
Bacterial Identification Chart
Microbiology
GRAM POSITIVE COCCI:
Staphylococci:
• Catalase +ve
• S. aureus: Coagulase +ve, golden yellow
• S. epidermidis: Coagulase -ve
Streptococci:
• Catalase -ve
• α-hemolytic: S. pneumoniae, Viridans...
Heart Anatomy - Chambers & Valves
Anatomy
HEART CHAMBERS:
Right Atrium:
- Receives deoxygenated blood
- Openings: SVC, IVC, Coronary sinus
- Contains SA node (pacemaker)
Right Ventricle:
- Pumps to pulmonary circulation
- Tricuspid valve (3 cusps)...
Respiratory Physiology Formulas
Physiology
KEY FORMULAS:
Minute Ventilation = Tidal Volume × Respiratory Rate
Normal: 6-8 L/min
Alveolar Ventilation = (TV - Dead space) × RR
Dead space ≈ 150 mL
Oxygen Content = (Hb × 1.34 × SaO2) + (0.003 × PaO2)...
Glycolysis Pathway Overview
Biochemistry
GLYCOLYSIS (Glucose → Pyruvate):
Location: Cytoplasm
Net ATP: 2 molecules
NADH: 2 molecules
Key Enzymes:
1. Hexokinase - First step
2. Phosphofructokinase - Rate limiting
3. Pyruvate kinase - Final step...
Inflammation & Healing Process